BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU 5 JADUAL EDITED

 TUGASAN BERKUMPULAN (16.11.2020)

MINGGU 5 TERJEMAHAN JADUAL

 

 

 

 

Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks

Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan

Struktur Mikro Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks

Rajah 1 : Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh vanDijk (1977)

 

Macro Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure A frame of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Structure Micro The meaning of the locality of a replaceable text from the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

 

 

 

 

 

Macro Structure The global meaning of a text can be observed from the topic / theme of a textGlobal meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure The framework of a text such as the introduction, content, conclusion and conclusionA frame of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Structure Micro Local meaning of an observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a textThe meaning of the locality of a replaceable text from the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

 

 

Macro Structure The global meaning of a text can be observed from the topic / theme of a text

Superstructure The framework of a text such as the introduction, content, conclusion and conclusion

Structure Micro Local meaning of an observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text

Figure 1: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)

Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995)
Analisis Tekstual   Tatabahasa ·        Tema Leksikal ·        Metafora Kohesi ·        Pengulangan ·        Konjunsi	Analisis Wacana Praktis   Intertektualiti ·        Pra-andaian ·        Metawacana ·        Penafian Interdiskusi ·        Naratif ·        Perbahasan ·        Ekspositori ·        Luahan (expressive)	Analisis Praktis Sosial   Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik

Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·        Theme Lexical ·        Metaphore Cohesion ·        Repitition ·        Conjunction	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertextuality ·        Pre-assumptions ·        Metadiscoursal ·        Denial of Interdiscussion ·        Narrative ·        Debate ·        Expository ·        Expression	Practical Social Analysis   Economy Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·        Theme Lexical ·        Metaphore Cohesion ·        Repitition ·        Conjunction	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertextuality ·        Pre-assumptions ·        Metadiscoursal ·        Denial of InterdiscussionUnderdiscussing ·        Narrative ·        Debate ·        Expository ·        Expression	Practical Social Analysis   Economy Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·        Theme Lexical ·        Metaphore Cohesion ·        Repitition ·        Conjunction	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertextuality ·        Pre-assumptions ·        Metadiscoursal ·        Denial of Underdiscussing ·        Narrative ·        Debate ·        Expository ·        Expression	Practical Social Analysis   Economy Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)

 

 

 

 

 

STRATEGI KESOPANAN
Bald on-record   Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini… Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan.	Kesopanan Positif   Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan
Kesopanan Negatif   Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.	Off-record   Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu.

Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

 

POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here… Give me that big basket. That lamp is green. Invite to  come in. Invite to eat.	Positive Politeness   Example: You look sad Can I help you? Can I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind
Negative Politeness   Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed	Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room The price of shoes here is really expensive Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here… Give me that big basket. That lamp is green. Please Invite to  come in. Please come eat Invite to eat.	Positive Politeness   Example: You look sad, may I help you Can I help you? MayCan I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind
Negative Politeness   Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate SoIf so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed	Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room The price of these shoes areshoes here is really expensive Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here… Give me that big basket. That lamp is green. Please come in. Please come eat	Positive Politeness   Example: You look sad, may I help you May I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind
Negative Politeness   Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate So, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed	Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room The price of these shoes is really expensive Your clothes are beautiful

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

Pendekatan Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRA-ANDAIAN 1.      Intuisi 2.      Konteks ·         Penerimaan/ Penafian ·         Keperluan ·         Perujukan ·         Anafora ·         Pengulangan ·         Kekaburan ·         Penegasan	EMOSI 1.      Positif 2.      Negatif 3.      Emosi    Bercampur ·         Perangai ·         Personaliti ·         Mood ·         Motivasi	NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1.      Diri 2.      Masyarakat 3.      Adat ·         Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih saying, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan ·         Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan ·         Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat ·         Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional	BAHASA 1.      Bahasa pertama/kedua/ketiga 2.      Formal/tidak formal 3.      Kesalahan Bahasa 4.      Linguistik	INFERENS 1.      Rumusan keseluruhan 2.      Rumusan topik perbincangan 3.      Penutup kata

Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PREASSUMPTION 1.      Intuition 2.      Context ·         Acception/ Denial ·         Requirement ·         Referral ·         Anaphore ·         Repitition ·         Ambiguity ·         Confirmation	EMOTION 1.      Positive 2.      Negative 3.      Mixed Emotion ·         Temperament ·         Personality ·         Mood ·         Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1.      Self 2.      Community 3.      Custom ·         Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity ·         Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects ·         Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·         Justice, freedom, rationality	LANGUAGE 1.      First language/second/third 2.      Formal/informal 3.      Language error 4.      Linguistics	INFERENCE 1.      Overal summary 2.      Topics discussion summary 3.      Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

 

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PREASSUMPTION 3.      Intuition 4.      Context ·         AcceptionAcceptation/ Denial ·         Requirement ·         Referral ·         AnaphoreAnaphora ·         RepititionRepetition ·         Ambiguity ·         Confirmation	EMOTION 4.      Positive 5.      Negative 6.      Mixed Emotion ·         Temperament ·         Personality ·         Mood ·         Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 4.      Self 5.      Community 6.      TraditionsCustom ·         Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity ·         Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects ·         Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·         Justice, freedom, rationality	LANGUAGE 5.      First language/second/third 6.      Formal/informal 7.      Language error 8.      Linguistics	INFERENCE 4.      Overall summary 5.      Topics discussion summary 6.      Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

 

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PREASSUMPTION 5.      Intuition 6.      Context ·         Acceptation/ Denial ·         Requirement ·         Referral ·         Anaphora ·         Repetition ·         Ambiguity ·         Confirmation	EMOTION 7.      Positive 8.      Negative 9.      Mixed Emotion ·         Temperament ·         Personality ·         Mood ·         Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 7.      Self 8.      Community 9.      Traditions ·         Honest, sincere, kind, loving, craftsmanship, gratitude, simplicity ·         Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, effects ·         Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·         Justice, freedom, rationality	LANGUAGE 9.      First language/second/third 10.  Formal/informal 11.  Language error 12.  Linguistics	INFERENCE 7.      Overall summary 8.      Topics discussion summary 9.      Word cover

Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim’s Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

 

 

 

Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)
Kandungan 1.      Tema	Konteks 1.      Tatabahasa 2.      Latar 3.      Emosi	Andaian 1.      Pendapat 2.      Perujukan 3.      Persoalan

Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)
Content 1.      Theme	Context 1.      Grammar 2.      Background 3.      Emotion	Assumption 1.      Opinion 2.      Referral 3.      Problem

Figure  5: Discourse Analysis Theory

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)
Content 2.      Theme	Context 4.      Grammar 5.      Background 6.      Emotion	Assumption 4.      Opinion 5.      Referral 6.      IssuesProblem

Figure  5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim 2018d)
Content 3.      Theme	Context 7.      Grammar 8.      Background 9.      Emotion	Assumption 7.      Opinion 8.      Referral 9.      Issues

Figure  5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jadual 2: Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, rindu,
Diri	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam dan luar rumah, sekolah	Gembira
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa
Saya Tahu	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam atau luar rumah	Hiba, sedih, simpati
Saya Faham	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah, sekolah ataupun di tempat awam	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	Hiba, sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

 

 

 

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	ParentMother and father's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	Hiba, sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

 

 

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Family	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Parent's house	Happy, longing,
Self	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I am Special	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Mother and father's house
I Know	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Inside or outside the house	sad, sympathy
I Understand	The use of words and sentences that are simple and suitable for all including disable children	Home, school or in a public place	Happy, sympathy, caring

 

 

 

Jadual 3: Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Teks	Tema	Sampel/Bahan	Jenis
Nenek dan Datuk	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Saya yang Istimewa	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Keluarga	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Hati	Cerita pendek	Kemasyarakatan	Ibu, cikgu, Alim, rakan-rakan	Penceritaan
Jiran	Cerita pendek	Kejiranan	Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Penceritaan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	GrandparentsGrandmother, grandparentsgrandfather, mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	GrandparentsGrandmother, grandparentsgrandfather, mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, MedinaMadinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title	Texts	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jadual 4: Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Nenek dan Datuk	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Kampung nenek dan datuk	Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, puas hati, sedih
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, resah
Hati	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Sekolah, rumah, jiran	Gembira
Jiran	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih

 

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandparent village and grandparents	Happy, missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house	Happy, restrecked
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Schools, homes, neighbors	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parents and neighbouring homes	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Grandparent’s village and grandparents	Happy, missedlonging, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Mother and father'sParent’s house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Mother and father'sParent’s house	Happy, restreckedanxious
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Schools, homeshouse, neighbor’s house	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house and neighbouring neighbour’s homeshouse	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Grandparent’s village	Happy, longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I'm a Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house	Happy, anxious
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	School, house, neighbor’s house	Happy
Neighbors	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special-need children	Parent’s house and neighbour’s house	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

 

 

 

Jadual 5: Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul Cerita Sosial	Nilai Sosial
Nenek dan Datuk	Kasih sayang,   ambil berat,   rasional,   tanggungjawab,   ikhlas,   jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar
Saya yang Istimewa	Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab
Keluarga Saya	Baik hati, sabar, tolong menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional
Hati	Baik hati, kasih sayang, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati, rajin
Jiran	Baik hati, tanggungjawab, kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, to be honest, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerelysincerity, to be honesthonesty, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, helping one another, take carecaring, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patientpatience, helping one another, sinceresincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerelysincerity, honestlyhonesty, sharesharing among one another, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sinceresincerity, honesthonesty, confidentconfidence, neighborhood

 

 

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerityhonesty, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, helping one another, caring, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patience, helping one another, sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerity, honesty, sharing among one another, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincerity, honesty, confidence, neighborhood

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Strategi Pengelakan atau Pengurangan

1.      Pengabaian/Peninggalan mesej

2.      Pengelakan topik

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan

3.      Parafrasa (Circumlocution)

4.      Penghampiran

5.      Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan

6.      Cipta perkataan (Word-coinage)

7.      Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non linguistic means)

8.      Terjemahan literal

9.      Pengantarabangsaan

10.  Pertukaran kod

11.  Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/ Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu

12.   Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/ Use of fillers/strategi penanda (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

1.      Omission/Omission of message

2.      Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3.      Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

4.      Apprehension

5.      Use of all-purpose words

6.      Create words (Word-coinage)

7.      Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

8.      Literal translation

9.      Internationalization

10.  Change of code

11.  Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12.   Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

13.  Omission/Omission of message

14.  Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

15.  Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

16.  Apprehension

17.  Use of all-purpose words

18.  Create words (Word-coinage)

19.  Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

20.  Literal translation

21.  Internationalization

22.  Change of code

23.  Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

24.   Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evokation or Reduction Strategy

25.  Omission/Omission of message

26.  Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

27.  Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)

28.  Apprehension

29.  Use of all-purpose words

30.  Create words (Word-coinage)

31.  Restructuring/ Use of non-language methods (Use of non linguistic means)

32.  Literal translation

33.  Internationalization

34.  Change of code

35.  Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

36.   Use of words without meaning/ Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

 

 

 

Jadual 6: Strategi Komunikasi

	Strategi Komunikasi	Frekuensi
1	Singkatan	15
2	Perkataan baharu tiada makna	4
3	Penafian/Percanggahan	10
4	Persoalan	6
5	Pengulangan	8
6	Perujukan	13
7	Pembetulan kendiri	5
8	Topik berlainan/pengabaian mesej	4
9	Celahan	8
10	Penangguhan	6
11	Terjemahan literal	4
12	Pertukaran bahasa	4
13	Imaginasi	5
14	Kesopanan	4
15	Parafrasa	4
16	Meminta pertolongan	4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words no meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	Persuasion	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
17	Abbreviation	15
18	New words no without meaning	4
19	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
20	Question	6
21	Repetition	8
22	Persuasion	13
23	Self-correction	5
24	Different topics/message ignorance	4
25	Interstitial	8
26	Delay	6
27	Literal translation	4
28	Language changes	4
29	Imagination	5
30	Modesty	4
31	Paraphrasing	4
32	Ask for help	4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
33	Abbreviation	15
34	New words without meaning	4
35	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
36	Question	6
37	Repetition	8
38	Persuasion	13
39	Self-correction	5
40	Different topics/message ignorance	4
41	Interstitial	8
42	Delay	6
43	Literal translation	4
44	Language changes	4
45	Imagination	5
46	Modesty	4
47	Paraphrasing	4
48 Rujukan: Normaliza Abd Rahim (2019) Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi: Terengganu: Penerbit UMT Gambar di bawah adalah bukti kehadrian pelajar	Ask for help	4